Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity

North China and South Siberia, populated by Altaic- Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations, possess extensive ethnolinguistic diversity serve as the crossroads for initial peopling of America western–eastern transcontinental communication. However, population genetic structure admixture history northern East Asians remain poorly understood due to a lack genome-wide data, especially Mongolic-speaking people in China. We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms 510 individuals from 38 Mongolic, Tungusic, Sinitic-speaking populations. first explored shared alleles haplotypes within studied groups. then merged with 3508 published modern ancient Eurasian reconstruct deep evolutionary natural selection Asians. identified substructures Altaic-speaking populations: Western Turkic harbored more western Eurasian-related ancestry; Northern Mongolic Siberia eastern Tungusic Amur River Basin (ARB) possessed majority Neolithic ARB related Southern apparent influence Yellow (YRB) farmers. Additionally, we found differentiated between Mongolians geographically close Northeast Hans: former received impact Eurasians, latter retained primary YRB ancestry. Moreover, demonstrated that Kalmyk Caucasus Mountains strong affinity Mongolian Plateau (MP) people, supporting hypothesis their origin long-distance migration history. also illuminated historical pastoral empires MP contributed considerably gene pool but rarely southern ones. finally signatures associated alcohol metabolism. Our results ancestral sources or played an important role spreading Altaic populations languages. The observed multisources significantly Asia.